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Filter Templating

In Zilliz Cloud, complex filter expressions with numerous elements, especially those involving non-ASCII characters like CJK characters, can significantly affect query performance. To address this, Zilliz Cloud introduces a filter expression templating mechanism designed to improve efficiency by reducing the time spent parsing complex expressions. This page explains using filter expression templating in search, query, and delete operations.

Notes

The literal on the left-hand side of a filtering expression can either be a collection field name, such as age, city, etc., used in examples below, or the name of a StructArray subfield at a specific element index, as in filter = 'struct[0][subfield] > {var}'.

For details on scalar filtering in a StructArray field, refer to StructArray Operators.

Overview​

Filter expression templating allows you to create filter expressions with placeholders that are dynamically substituted with values during query execution. Using templating, you avoid embedding large arrays or complex expressions directly into the filter, reducing parsing time and improving query performance.

Let's say you have a filter expression involving two fields, age and city, and you want to find all people whose age is greater than 25 and who live in either "北京" (Beijing) or "上海" (Shanghai). Instead of directly embedding the values in the filter expression, you can use a template:

python
filter = "age > {age} AND city IN {city}"
filter_params = {"age": 25, "city": ["北京", "上海"]}

Here, {age} and {city} are placeholders that will be replaced with the actual values in filter_params when the query is executed.

Using filter expression templating in Zilliz Cloud has several key advantages:

  • Reduced Parsing Time: By replacing large or complex filter expressions with placeholders, the system spends less time parsing and processing the filter.

  • Improved Query Performance: With reduced parsing overhead, query performance improves, leading to higher QPS and faster response times.

  • Scalability: As your datasets grow and filter expressions become more complex, templating ensures that performance remains efficient and scalable.

Search Operations​

For search operations in Zilliz Cloud, the filter expression is used to define the filtering condition, and the filter_params parameter is used to specify the values for the placeholders. The filter_params dictionary contains the dynamic values that Zilliz Cloud will use to substitute into the filter expression.

python
expr = "age > {age} AND city IN {city}"
filter_params = {"age": 25, "city": ["北京", "上海"]}
res = client.search(
    "hello_milvus",
    [[0.1, 0.2]],
    filter=expr,
    limit=10,
    output_fields=["age", "city"],
    search_params={"params": {"search_list": 100}},
    filter_params=filter_params,
)

In this example, Zilliz Cloud will dynamically replace {age} with 25 and {city} with ["北京", "上海"] when executing the search.

Query Operations​

The same templating mechanism can be applied to query operations in Zilliz Cloud. In the query function, you define the filter expression and use the filter_params to specify the values to substitute.

python
expr = "age > {age} AND city IN {city}"
filter_params = {"age": 25, "city": ["北京", "上海"]}
res = client.query(
    "hello_milvus",
    filter=expr,
    output_fields=["age", "city"],
    filter_params=filter_params
)

By using filter_params, Zilliz Cloud efficiently handles the dynamic insertion of values, improving the speed of query execution.

Delete Operations​

You can also use filter expression templating in delete operations. Similar to search and query, the filter expression defines the conditions, and the filter_params provides the dynamic values for the placeholders.

python
expr = "age > {age} AND city IN {city}"
filter_params = {"age": 25, "city": ["北京", "上海"]}
res = client.delete(
    "hello_milvus",
    filter=expr,
    filter_params=filter_params
)

This approach improves the performance of delete operations, especially when dealing with complex filter conditions.

Regex filter templates​

You can use filter expression templating with regex filters. This is useful when the regex pattern is provided at request time.

python
expr = "message =~ {pattern}"
filter_params = {"pattern": "E[0-9]{4}"}
res = client.query(
    "hello_milvus",
    filter=expr,
    output_fields=["message"],
    filter_params=filter_params,
)

You can also use template parameters with !~:

python
expr = "message !~ {pattern}"
filter_params = {"pattern": "^DEBUG"}

The template value must be a string containing a valid RE2 regex pattern. Zilliz Cloud validates the pattern before executing the filter.

Filter templates pass the regex pattern as a value instead of concatenating it into the filter expression. This reduces expression parsing overhead and avoids accidentally changing the filter structure when the pattern contains quotes or operators.

Conclusion​

Filter expression templating is an essential tool for optimizing query performance in Zilliz Cloud. By using placeholders and the filter_params dictionary, you can significantly reduce the time spent parsing complex filter expressions. This leads to faster query execution and better overall performance.

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